Pizza Oven Market (2026 - 2033)

Pizza Oven Market Summary

The global pizza oven market size was valued at USD 2.0 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow from USD 2.1 billion in 2026 to USD 2.9 billion by 2033, at a CAGR of 4.3% from 2026 to 2033. The market in North America dominated with a revenue share of 38.0% in 2025. The market is growing due to rising demand for restaurant-style pizza preparation, expanding pizzerias and quick-service restaurant chains, and increasing consumer interest in outdoor cooking and home entertaining.

Source: Grand View Research, IR Documents, Primary Interviews, Paid Databases

To learn more about this report, Download Free Sample Report

Key Market Trends & Insights

• By type: Pizza deck ovens segment held the largest market share of 33.1% in 2025.
• By fuel type: Gas pizza ovens segment held the largest market share of 44.5% in 2025.
• By end use: Commercial segment held the largest market share of 64.2% in 2025.
• By distribution channel: Offline channels represented the largest commercial distribution channel share of 85.7% in 2025.

Regional Highlights

• Largest regional market: North America (38.0% revenue share, 2025)
• Fastest-growing regional market: Asia Pacific (highest CAGR, 2026-2033)
• By country: The U.S. held the largest market share in 2025

Market Size & Forecast

• Market size in 2025: USD 2.0 Billion
• Estimated market size in 2026: USD 2.1 Billion
• Projected market size by 2033: USD 2.9 Billion
• CAGR (2026-2033): 4.3%

Three ways to get this report

Buy it, customize it, or ask a question.

Ask an Analyst

Analyst response in 1 business day

• AccessReport author, directly
• Reply timeWithin 1 working day
• No sales callDirect answer only
• FormatEmail reply
• CostFree, no cost

Ask an Analyst

Get the Full Report

What the study covers

• FormatsPDF · Excel · Dashboard
• Timeline2026–2033 annual, 2025 base
• Coverage20+ countries, 5 regions
• Companies10+ key players profiled

Download Free Sample

Customize the Report

20% free customization

• IncludeCountries, segments, points
• TailorTo your product definition
• ExtendDeeper competitor detail
• OrA fully bespoke study
• Turnaround5–10 working days

Tell Us What You Need

ISO 9001 & 27001 certified ESOMAR member Not sure which fits? Call +1-415-349-0058

Growth is also supported by the adoption of portable, energy-efficient, and multi-fuel pizza ovens, alongside technological advancements in temperature control and cooking performance across residential and commercial applications.

Growing interest in outdoor cooking and home entertaining is supporting demand for the pizza oven market, as consumers seek convenient ways to prepare restaurant-style pizzas at home. The popularity of backyard gatherings, outdoor kitchens, and specialty cooking appliances is encouraging households to invest in dedicated pizza ovens. For instance, in June 2025, City Bonfires launched its portable pizza oven Gift Set, a lightweight outdoor pizza oven designed for backyard entertaining and portable cooking. The 30-pound oven features foldable legs, a built-in thermometer, and a cordierite pizza stone, allowing consumers to prepare restaurant-style pizzas at home or while traveling.

To learn more about this report, Download Free Sample Report

The growth of professional foodservice is also encouraging investment in new and replacement cooking equipment, including high-throughput ovens. In 2024, RATIONAL reported that the number of its professional cooking systems sold increased by 3%, while its order book remained at approximately 9,000-10,000 systems, equivalent to €100-120 million (USD 116-USD 140 million). More importantly, RATIONAL estimates a global addressable base of approximately 4.8 million professional kitchens, with around 75% still using traditional cooking equipment, indicating substantial replacement and modernization potential. This equipment-upgrade cycle supports demand for technologically advanced pizza ovens as commercial operators seek greater cooking consistency, efficiency, and throughput.

Technological advancements in pizza oven design are driving growth in the commercial pizza oven market by improving cooking consistency, temperature control, and ease of use. Manufacturers are introducing automated features, energy-efficient heating systems, and compact designs to address consumer demand for convenient, high-performance pizza preparation. These developments are also expanding the applicability of commercial pizza ovens across restaurants and food service establishments, where reliable cooking performance and efficient kitchen operations are important considerations. In March 2026, Wood Stone Corporation introduced the AMP Series 64, a high-temperature electric deck oven designed for artisan-quality pizza and high-volume foodservice operations. The oven reaches temperatures of up to 850°F and features a modular, stackable design that allows operators to expand cooking capacity as demand grows. This development illustrates how manufacturers are introducing flexible, high-performance equipment to meet the evolving requirements of commercial pizza ovens.

Market Dynamics

Consumer Insights

To learn more about this report, Download Free Sample Report

Consumer demand in the pizza oven market is influenced by gender, age, household preferences, outdoor cooking habits, and willingness to invest in specialized cooking appliances. Purchasing decisions are increasingly shaped by the convenience of preparing restaurant-style pizzas at home, interest in outdoor entertaining, and the availability of pizza ovens suited to different cooking spaces and budgets.

User by gender

• Male consumers are estimated to account for approximately 55% of pizza-oven users, reflecting the category’s strong association with outdoor cooking and pizza consumption. The pizza-specific consumption behavior: a 2025 survey posted by the Global Newswire found that men ordered pizza 44% more often than women, at 5.9 versus 4.1 times per month, and spent 52% more monthly.

• Female consumers are estimated to represent approximately 45% of pizza-oven users, indicating a meaningful and growing female segment despite the category’s historical association with male-oriented outdoor cooking. A 2024 survey of 2,000 U.S. consumers found that 48% of women said it was their time to take a greater role in grilling, while 77% believed grilling should be equally common among women and men. This suggests that women are increasingly participating in outdoor cooking, supporting a substantial female pizza-oven segment rather than treating the category as exclusively male-oriented.

User by age group

Across age demographics, demand for pizza ovens is driven by outdoor cooking, social entertaining, and convenient design: younger consumers favor portable, multi-fuel models for flexibility; the core 35-54 age group invests in durable, high-performance units for outdoor kitchens and family gatherings; and consumers aged 55+ seek reliable, low-maintenance, and easy-to-operate premium setups for home leisure.

Pain Point Of Consumers

Consumers in the Pizza Oven Market commonly encounter several challenges when selecting, purchasing, and using pizza ovens.

• High Initial Cost: The purchase price of premium pizza ovens, particularly commercial pizza ovens and larger outdoor models, can discourage price-sensitive households and small foodservice operators.

• Limited Outdoor Space: Consumers with small patios, balconies, or restricted backyard areas may find it difficult to accommodate larger pizza ovens or dedicated outdoor cooking setups.

• Complex Operation: Managing cooking temperatures, fuel settings, and baking times can create difficulties for first-time users seeking consistent pizza preparation.

• Long Preheating Time: Certain wood-fired and traditional pizza ovens require extended heating periods, reducing convenience for consumers who prefer faster meal preparation.

• Maintenance and Cleaning: Removing ash, grease, and food residue can increase the time and effort required to maintain pizza ovens, particularly wood-fired models and brick pizza ovens.

Analyst Perspective

The global pizza oven market is evolving from traditional wood-fired cooking equipment into a broader outdoor cooking and professional food-service equipment market, where residential pizza ovens remain an important demand segment while commercial applications, premium outdoor kitchens, and specialized pizzeria equipment are gaining importance. Rising interest in home cooking, outdoor entertainment, authentic pizza-making experiences, and the expansion of food-service establishments are supporting demand for pizza ovens across residential and commercial settings. Manufacturers are expanding their product offerings across portable, built-in, deck, conveyor, convection, and brick pizza ovens, while incorporating wood-fired, gas, electric, and multi-fuel technologies to address diverse consumer and commercial requirements. Companies are also emphasizing improved thermal performance, energy efficiency, compact designs, product customization, and online distribution to enhance customer accessibility, strengthen market penetration, and drive revenue growth in the growing pizza oven industry.

Type Insights

The pizza deck ovens segment accounted for 33.1% of global revenue in 2025. Growing demand for consistent heat distribution and uniform baking across high-volume pizza production is driving the adoption of deck ovens among commercial pizza operators. Demand is further supported by the availability of multi-deck configurations, which enable operators to increase production capacity without a proportional increase in their kitchen footprint. For instance, in September 2025, PizzaMaster introduced the PM1122ED, an electric deck oven with an enlarged baking surface that accommodates pizzas up to 18 inches and features precision temperature control for high-volume restaurant and pizzeria operations.

To learn more about this report, Download Free Sample Report

Conveyor deck ovens are projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8% from 2026 to 2033. The rising order volumes from takeout and delivery channels are increasing the urgency for pizza equipment capable of maintaining high throughput, consistent cooking, and efficient labor utilization during peak operating periods. In 2025, more than 37% of pizzeria operators reported higher demand for takeout and delivery, while over 78% offered online ordering, reinforcing the need to process orders rapidly and consistently. Conveyor deck ovens address these requirements by continuously transporting pizzas through a controlled heating chamber, limiting manual handling and maintaining standardized cooking conditions across successive batches. The relevance of this configuration is further strengthened by equipment innovations such as Middleby Marshall's hearth belt, which enables pizzas to cook directly on the conveyor while producing a deck-oven-style crust.

Fuel Type Insights

The gas pizza ovens segment accounted for 44.5% of global revenue in 2025, driven by demand for convenient outdoor cooking, faster heating, and consistent temperature control. These features support the adoption of pizza ovens among households and foodservice operators, while the broader pizza oven market benefits from growing interest in restaurant-style pizza preparation. In February 2026, Gozney launched the Arc Lite, a compact gas pizza oven designed for smaller outdoor spaces.

To learn more about this report, Download Free Sample Report

Multi-fuel/hybrid ovens fuel type is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.1% from 2026 to 2033. Consumers are increasingly choosing pizza ovens that support multiple fuel sources to accommodate different preferences and operating conditions. Wood and charcoal deliver live-fire cooking and unique flavors, while gas provides faster heat-up and easier temperature control. Multi-fuel ovens offer greater flexibility without the need for separate appliances.

End Use Insights

The commercial pizza oven segment accounted for 64.2% of global revenue in 2025. Shorter preparation times and the need for continuous production have made rapid preheating and heat recovery essential in commercial pizza operations. High-volume operators benefit from ovens that quickly reach cooking temperatures and recover heat between pizzas, reducing idle time and maintaining service speed.

Residential pizza oven end users are projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% from 2026 to 2033. The growing investment in outdoor living spaces is driving demand for residential pizza ovens, as homeowners dedicate more space and budget to outdoor cooking areas. Backyards and patios are now designed as functional extensions of the home, increasing the need for specialized cooking equipment. In 2026, 48% of U.S. homeowners renovating outdoor spaces included cooking areas, and pizza ovens were found in 29% of outdoor kitchens. This trend indicates that the development of outdoor kitchens is a key driver of the rising adoption of residential pizza ovens.

Distribution Channel Insights

The offline commercial segment represented the largest commercial distribution channel, accounting for 85.7% of global revenue in 2025, and is increasingly specification-driven, with manufacturers enhancing sales teams and authorized dealer networks to better support equipment selection and project needs. For instance, in September 2025 Middleby launched its Middleby Shop platform, allowing restaurant operators to review equipment, request tailored quotes, and receive product recommendations from local representatives. Authorized dealers manage formal pricing, delivery, and installation. This approach highlights the ongoing importance of B2B intermediaries in commercial pizza oven procurement, especially when equipment choices must align with kitchen layouts and operational requirements.

The online commercial distribution channel is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.7% from 2026 to 2033, supported by broader availability of professional-grade models, streamlined B2B ordering, and direct manufacturer procurement.

To learn more about this report, Download Free Sample Report

The sale of pizza ovens to residential consumers through the online marketplaces, held a revenue share of 48.5% in 2025. Consumer preferences vary widely, from indoor countertop models to portable, outdoor, fuel-flexible, or traditional wood-fired ovens. Online marketplaces meet these needs by offering a range of oven types and fuel options in one place. For instance, Walmart lists over 1,000 pizza oven products, including electric, wood-fired, portable, gas, and multi-fuel models.

The sale of pizza ovens to residential consumers through specialty retail channels is expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% from 2026 to 2033, driven by hands-on product evaluation and expert staff guidance, particularly for higher-value pizza oven purchases.

Regional Insights

The pizza oven market in North America led the global market, accounting for the largest revenue share of 38.0% in 2025. The growing capacity of North American households to replicate restaurant-style pizza at home is driving demand for dedicated pizza ovens. Modern residential pizza ovens can reach the high temperatures required for Neapolitan-style cooking, enabling faster cooking and characteristics such as crisp crusts and charred edges that are difficult to achieve with conventional household ovens.

To learn more about this report, Download Free Sample Report

U.S. Pizza Oven Market Trends

The U.S. accounted for approximately 88.9% of the North American pizza oven market in 2025. Growing demand for flexible cooking options is driving the U.S. pizza oven market, as consumers seek to balance convenience with the unique flavors of different fuel types. Gas offers quick ignition, precise temperature control, and ease of use, while wood and charcoal provide smoky flavor and traditional cooking qualities. In response, manufacturers are introducing pizza ovens that support multiple fuel sources, enabling users to choose their preferred cooking method. Consumer Reports’ 2026 testing found that several new outdoor pizza ovens allow switching between gas, charcoal, and wood, highlighting the increasing importance of multi-fuel functionality in the U.S. residential market for pizza ovens.

Europe Pizza Oven Market Trends

The pizza oven market in Europe accounted for 28.4% of the global market in 2025. The market is expanding as pizza cooking moves into indoor kitchens. Space limitations, weather, and the demand for easy installation are driving manufacturers to develop compact electric ovens that plug into standard household outlets. In January 2026, Witt Pizza introduced the eGNITE Control 13”, an electric oven for indoor and outdoor use, priced at EUR 699. Ooni’s Volt 2 reaches 450°C and cooks pizzas in as little as 90 seconds. These innovations increase options for consumers seeking dedicated pizza ovens without the need for outdoor space, gas, or combustion fuels.

The pizza oven market in Germany accounted for the largest revenue share of around 24.1% in 2025. Rising demand for fast, convenient pizza preparation is increasing interest in high-temperature and automated pizza ovens in Germany. In 2026, AEG launched the Serie 7000 PizzaExpert multifunction ovens, which bake pizza at 340°C in 150 seconds and feature an integrated pizza function for home use. This trend extends to outdoor equipment, as Tefal introduced the electric Pizza Pronto in March 2026, which reaches 400°C and prepares pizza in under three minutes with an automatically rotating stone.

The pizza oven market in the UK is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.4% from 2026 to 2033. UK residential consumers are gaining access to a broader range of pizza oven formats as manufacturers target different cooking preferences through wood-fired, gas, electric, and multi-fuel models. A 2026 UK consumer-testing review evaluated these formats, highlighting the Gozney Arc for gas- and wood-fired flexibility, DeliVita for wood-fired cooking, Ninja Artisan for electric cooking, and Ooni Karu 2 for multi-fuel use. This product diversification is expanding consumer choice and supporting demand across multiple fuel configurations rather than concentrating the UK residential market on a single technology.

The pizza oven market in France is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.3% from 2026 to 2033. driven by the growing popularity of artisanal pizza, independent pizzerias, cafés, and takeaway foodservice outlets. Operators are investing in commercial pizza ovens to improve baking consistency, shorten preparation times, and support higher order volumes. At the household level, increasing interest in outdoor cooking and premium home dining is encouraging demand for portable, gas-fired, electric, and brick pizza ovens, allowing consumers to recreate authentic pizzeria-style at home.

Asia Pacific Pizza Oven Market Trends

The Asia Pacific pizza oven market is projected to grow at the fastest CAGR of 5.0% from 2026 to 2033. Growth in the sector is being driven by demand for compact commercial models that allow foodservice operators to broaden their menus using space-efficient electric deck designs without modifying kitchen infrastructure. Key product launches in 2026 highlight this industry shift toward high-temperature, space-saving solutions:

• In April 2026, Australian manufacturer Marana introduced an electric deck oven for space-constrained commercial kitchens, highlighting the industry's shift toward flexible, space-efficient equipment.

• In August 2026, Kenwood launched its My Pizzeria Indoor Pizza Oven, which reaches up to 400°C after a 10-minute preheat and cooks a pizza in roughly three minutes, serving as a compact alternative to outdoor ovens.

The China pizza oven market led the Asia Pacific market and accounted for 29.1% of the market in 2025. The growth of pizza-focused restaurant chains is driving demand for commercial pizza ovens, as operators open new locations and upgrade kitchens to handle higher production volumes. Pizza Hut China added 207 restaurants in Q1 2026 and aims for 6,000 outlets by 2028, reflecting ongoing investment in pizza foodservice capacity. This expansion offers recurring opportunities for pizza-oven suppliers, since new stores need equipment and existing locations may replace or upgrade ovens to enhance throughput, consistency, and efficiency.

The pizza oven market in India is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% from 2026 to 2033. The expansion of international pizza chains in India is increasing demand for commercial pizza ovens, as new outlets require standardized, high-capacity cooking equipment. In August 2025, Papa John’s announced plans to re-enter the Indian market and open 650 stores by 2035, starting with a location in Bengaluru. Little Caesars also entered the Indian market in 2025, aiming to build about 100 stores by the end of the decade. These rollouts are expected to drive demand for commercial pizza ovens that ensure consistent cooking and support standardized operations across growing networks.

Central & South America Pizza Oven Market

The Central & South America pizza oven industry is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.3% from 2026 to 2033. The market is evolving due to greater product advancement, a wider range of oven formats, and increased availability of equipment for diverse cooking environments. Manufacturers now offer compact countertop units, high-temperature systems, rotating ovens, and multi-fuel models, providing residential and commercial users with more flexible options. Advances in temperature control, heat recovery, portability, and fuel flexibility are also making specialized pizza ovens more adaptable to different spaces and operational needs. The increasing popularity of Neapolitan-style pizza in Brazil is driving pizzerias to invest in high-temperature ovens that meet authentic preparation standards. In September 2025, six Brazilian pizzerias were ranked among the world's top 100, including Leggera Pizzeria Napoletana in São Paulo, which placed third and uses a wood-fired oven at about 450°C. This trend is also evident at Rural Pizzeria in Sorocaba, which earned Pizza DOC certification in 2025 by meeting criteria such as the use of a wood-fired oven. As a result, demand is rising for wood-fired and high-temperature gas ovens capable of reaching 430-485°C to achieve the rapid, high-heat cooking essential for Neapolitan pizza.

Middle East & Africa Pizza Oven Market

The Middle East & Africa pizza oven market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8% from 2026 to 2033. The expansion of pizza-focused quick-service restaurant (QSR) networks is generating recurring demand for commercial pizza ovens as operators equip new outlets and upgrade existing kitchens. In 2025, Famous Brands expanded its Debonairs Pizza footprint by adding 29 new outlets, increasing the brand’s global presence to 732 restaurants, including five additional locations within its AME operations.

Key Pizza Oven Company Insights

The global pizza oven market is characterized by competition among specialized residential pizza oven brands, commercial foodservice equipment manufacturers, traditional wood-fired oven producers, and premium outdoor cooking companies. Competitive positioning differs according to oven design, fuel type, cooking capacity, application, price range, and distribution model. Established manufacturers benefit from strong brand recognition, technical expertise, product innovation, distributor networks, and after-sales support, while smaller specialists compete through handcrafted construction, customization, traditional cooking methods, and regional market knowledge.

• Residential & Portable Pizza Oven Manufacturers: Ooni Limited and BakerStone International, LLC focus on portable and easy-to-use pizza ovens for household consumers and outdoor cooking enthusiasts. Their competitive positioning is supported by compact designs, rapid heating, fuel flexibility, product accessibility, and strong direct-to-consumer and online retail presence.

• Commercial Pizza Oven Manufacturers: Wood Stone Corporation, Morello Forni Italia S.r.l., Marra Forni, and Forno Bravo, LLC serve pizzerias, restaurants, bakeries, hotels, and other foodservice establishments. These companies compete through high-performance Commercial Pizza Ovens that offer consistent temperatures, high production capacity, energy efficiency, durability, and configurations tailored to professional kitchens.

• Premium Wood-Fired & Traditional Oven Specialists: EarthStone Wood-Fire Ovens, Mugnaini Imports, Inc., Fontana Forni, LLC, and Le Panyol emphasize traditional baking methods, premium materials, artisanal craftsmanship, and heat-retention capabilities. Their products appeal to consumers and foodservice operators seeking authentic wood-fired cooking, distinctive oven designs, and premium outdoor kitchen installations. This positioning also supports demand for brick pizza ovens, which are associated with traditional pizza preparation and long-lasting heat retention.

  

  To learn more about this report, Download Free Sample Report

Key Pizza Oven Companies:

The following key companies have been profiled for this study on the Pizza Oven market.

• Ooni Limited

• Wood Stone Corporation

• EarthStone Wood-Fire Ovens

• Morello Forni Italia S.r.l.

• Forno Bravo, LLC

• Marra Forni

• BakerStone International, LLC

• Mugnaini Imports, Inc.

• Fontana Forni, LLC

• Le Panyol

Recent Developments

• In January 2026, Fontana Forni, LLC launched the Volta, a hybrid smart outdoor pizza oven combining gas and wood-fired cooking with electronic temperature control. The oven incorporates a digital display, automatic flame modulation, dual food probes, and app connectivity, enabling users to set and monitor cooking temperatures with greater precision. Available in Volta 70 and Volta 90 configurations, the oven reaches temperatures of up to 450°C and combines traditional Italian oven construction with connected cooking technology. The launch supports Fontana Forni's strategy of smart technology integration, fuel flexibility, and premium outdoor cooking within the pizza oven market.

• In March 2025, Wood Stone Corporation launched the Electric OneRev, a fully electric addition to its OneRev series of commercial rotating pizza ovens. The oven features a rotating deck platform, dynamic thermal management, and a responsive cooking surface designed to provide even cooking and high throughput while eliminating the use of fossil fuels. Its compact footprint and wheeled design allow it to pass through a standard 72-inch doorway, supporting easier installation across different commercial kitchen layouts. The launch strengthens Wood Stone's strategy of electric product development, labor reduction, and energy-efficient commercial cooking within the pizza oven market.

• In July 2026, Panasonic Corporation of North America launched the FlashXpress Indoor Pizza Oven Plus (NB-G300), a countertop electric pizza oven designed to deliver restaurant-style pizza in as little as three minutes. The oven reaches temperatures of up to 755°F and combines upper carbon infrared and lower stainless-steel heating elements with dedicated pizza presets. It also provides Air Fry, Bake, Broil, Grill, and Roast functions, supporting Panasonic’s strategy of multifunctionality, high-temperature electric cooking, and premium countertop product development within the pizza oven market.

Global Pizza Oven Market Report Segmentation

This report forecasts revenue growth at the global, regional & country levels and provides an analysis of the latest trends and opportunities in each sub-segment from 2026 to 2033. For the purposes of this study, Grand View Research has segmented the global pizza oven market by type, fuel type, end use, distribution channel, and region.

• Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)

  • Brick Ovens

  • Pizza Deck Ovens

  • Conveyor Deck Ovens

  • Pizza Convection Ovens

  • Portable Pizza Ovens

• Fuel Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)

  • Wood Fired Pizza Ovens

  • Gas Pizza Ovens

  • Electric Pizza Ovens

  • Multi-Fuel/Hybrid Ovens

• End Use Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)

  • Residential

  • Commercial

• Distribution Channel Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)

  • Residential

    • Online Marketplaces

    • Specialty Retail

    • Mass / General Retail

    • Other

  • Commercial

    • Offline

    • Online

• Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2021 - 2033)

  • North America

    • U.S.

    • Canada

    • Mexico

  • Europe

    • Germany

    • UK

    • France

    • Italy

    • Spain

  • Asia Pacific

    • China

    • Japan

    • India

    • South Korea

    • Australia & New Zealand

  • Central & South America

    • Brazil

    • Argentina

  • Middle East & Africa

    • South Africa

    • UAE

Research Methodology

The pizza oven market figures in this report are based on a proven research process that combines executive interviews with secondary research from proprietary databases, company filings, and recognized regulatory and institutional sources. Market size is built through value-chain sizing-reconciling supply-side and demand-side estimates-and triangulated with bottom-up and top-down approaches. Every estimate passes multiple levels of expert validation before publication, with each pizza oven segment quantified using the revenue-capture definitions in the table below.