GVR Report cover Cut Flowers Market (2026 - 2033)Report

Cut Flowers Market (2026 - 2033)

Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product (Rose, Chrysanthemum, Carnation, Gerbera, Lilium), By Application (Commercial, Home), By Distribution Channel, By Region, And Segment Forecasts

Market Size, 2025

$40.8B

Market Estimate, 2026

$42.7B

Market Forecast, 2033

$60.9B

CAGR, 2026–2033

5.2%

Cut Flowers Market Summary

The global cut flowers market size was valued at USD 40.8 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow from USD 42.7 billion in 2026 to USD 60.9 billion by 2033, at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2026 to 2033. Europe dominated the Cut Flowers market with the largest revenue share of 34.8% in 2025. The cut flower market is poised for sustained growth driven by increasing demand for fresh blooms across various occasions and events.

Cut flowers market overview: Grand View Research estimates the global market size at USD 40.8 billion in 2025, projected to grow from USD 42.7 billion in 2026 to USD 60.9 billion by 2033 at a 5.2% CAGR, with regional growth momentum.

Key Market Trends & Insights

  • By product: Rose segment led the market with the largest revenue share of 32.3% in 2025.
  • By application: Commercial segment led the market with the largest revenue share of 69.39% in 2025.
  • By distribution channel: Supermarkets and hyper market driven sales accounted for around 43.2% in 2025.

Regional Highlights

  • Largest regional market: Europe (34.8% revenue share, 2025)
  • Fastest-growing regional market: Asia Pacific (highest CAGR, 2026-2033)
  • By country: U.S. held the largest market share in 2025.

Market Size & Forecast

  • Market Size in 2025: USD 40.8 Billion
  • Estimated Market Size in 2026: USD 42.7 Billion
  • Projected Market Size by 2033: USD 60.9 Billion
  • CAGR (2026-2033): 5.2%


Factors such as evolving consumer preferences, growing popularity of floral gifts, and rising disposable incomes fuel market expansion. Moreover, adopting sustainable practices and the emergence of online flower delivery services are expected to positively impact market dynamics. The key players in the cut flower market include the European countries and the U.S. as major buyers, while the Netherlands, Ecuador, Colombia, Kenya, and Ethiopia stand out as leading growers and exporters. Among the most sought-after blooms are roses, carnations, and chrysanthemums.

Cut flowers market size and growth forecast (2023-2033)

In the UK cut flower market, approximately 80% of cut flowers are sourced from the Netherlands, with Kenya emerging as a notable supplier. Kenyan flowers, particularly roses, hold a significant share in the European market, highlighting the country's pivotal role in global flower trade. The cut flower industry in Kenya contributes substantially to the country's GDP and employment, underscoring its economic significance.

Innovations in breeding, logistics, and cultivation methods are expected to drive market growth. Adopting automation, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology to enhance productivity and sustainability is particularly noteworthy. These advancements have facilitated the production of high-quality flowers, even in urban areas, bringing fresh blooms closer to consumers and revolutionizing the floriculture industry.

To thrive in this evolving landscape, cut flower players remain agile and have started to embrace technological advancements to ensure a robust and sustainable future. By leveraging technology and adapting to changing trends, manufacturers capitalize on emerging opportunities and meet evolving consumer demands while contributing to environmental conservation and resource efficiency.

Consumer Survey & Insights

Toluna, Inc., conducted a survey of 8502 consumers, during which participants were asked various cut flower usage and purchasing questions. The percentage of participants who received cut flowers was smaller across each of the periods. 43% of participants received cut flowers during the last 6 months, and 40% to 41% received cut flowers between 12 months and 5 years. Surprisingly, 20% of survey participants did not purchase flowers at any point within the last 5 years, and 32% had not received flowers.

According to American Floral Endowment & the Floral Marketing Research FundYue the high prices of cut flowers were a major barrier for many consumers, especially Millennials, who were associated with not purchasing cut flowers. The main reasons for which participants purchased cut flowers were Mother’s Day (51%), Valentine’s Day (44%), birthday (44%), and for your home (43%).

Purchased & Received Cut Flowers

Panelists from the online panel database of Toluna Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA) were sent a link to the survey. Toluna Inc. has a panel database of millions of consumers. A total of 2776 respondents completed the study, and it was observed that rose origin had the highest relative importance value (31%), followed by price (23%) and vase life (21%).

Relative Importance Values and Part-Worth Utilities

Produced organically, carbon footprint and bloom size were less important, with less than 10% relative importance each. It does not mean that organic, carbon footprint, and bloom size are unimportant. They could play an important role in several Vase from origins with similar part-worth utilities, the same price, and/or identical vase life.

Market Dynamics

The cut flower market is witnessing sustained growth driven by increasing demand for ornamental flowers across gifting, decoration, hospitality, events, and personal consumption applications. Cut flowers have become an integral part of celebrations, weddings, corporate events, religious ceremonies, and home décor, supported by changing consumer lifestyles and growing spending on aesthetic products. Improvements in cold-chain logistics, greenhouse cultivation, and international flower trade have enhanced product availability and quality across global markets. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of online flower delivery platforms and increasing demand for premium floral arrangements are expected to continue supporting market growth over the forecast period.

The growing popularity of flowers as a gifting and decorative product is a major driver for the cut flower market. Consumers increasingly purchase fresh flowers for birthdays, anniversaries, weddings, festivals, corporate gifting, and other special occasions due to their emotional and aesthetic appeal. The increasing trend of personalized gifting and premium floral arrangements has further strengthened market demand across both developed and emerging economies.

The expansion of the hospitality, tourism, and event management industries is also contributing significantly to market growth. Hotels, restaurants, convention centers, luxury retail outlets, and corporate offices regularly utilize cut flowers to enhance ambiance and customer experiences. Additionally, rising urbanization and increasing consumer spending on home décor products have encouraged greater adoption of floral arrangements in residential settings. The growing influence of social media and lifestyle trends promoting visually appealing spaces is further stimulating demand for high-quality cut flowers globally.

The highly perishable nature of cut flowers remains one of the primary restraints affecting market growth. Cut flowers require strict temperature control, specialized packaging, and efficient transportation throughout the supply chain to maintain freshness and quality. Any disruptions in harvesting, storage, transportation, or distribution can result in significant product losses and reduced profitability for growers and distributors.

In addition, the market is highly susceptible to fluctuations in weather conditions, pest infestations, plant diseases, and climate-related challenges that can impact flower yields and quality. Rising transportation costs, labor shortages, and increasing energy expenses associated with greenhouse cultivation and cold storage infrastructure further create operational challenges for industry participants. These factors can lead to supply instability and price volatility, particularly in regions heavily dependent on flower imports and exports.

The rapid growth of e-commerce platforms and digital flower delivery services is creating significant opportunities for the cut flower market. Consumers increasingly prefer the convenience of online ordering, same-day delivery services, subscription-based floral offerings, and customized bouquet options. Digital platforms are enabling growers, wholesalers, and retailers to expand their customer reach while offering personalized purchasing experiences that enhance consumer engagement.

Growing interest in sustainable and environmentally responsible floriculture is also creating new growth avenues for market participants. Consumers are increasingly seeking locally sourced flowers, eco-friendly packaging, and flowers produced using sustainable cultivation practices with reduced chemical inputs. In response, producers are investing in water-efficient irrigation systems, renewable energy-powered greenhouses, and certified sustainable farming methods. Additionally, rising demand for premium exotic flowers, specialty floral arrangements, and year-round flower availability through advanced greenhouse technologies is expected to support long-term market expansion.

 

Analyst Perspective

The cut flowers market is benefiting from rising consumer spending on gifting, celebrations, home décor, and premium floral arrangements, supported by the expansion of e-commerce and same-day delivery services. Demand is increasingly shifting toward high-quality, sustainably sourced, and customized floral products, creating opportunities for growers and distributors to differentiate through freshness, variety, and supply chain efficiency. The market remains highly dependent on logistics, cold-chain infrastructure, and seasonal production cycles, making operational excellence a critical competitive factor. Going forward, companies that integrate digital ordering platforms, sustainable cultivation practices, and efficient global distribution networks are expected to capture the strongest long-term growth opportunities.

Trump Tariff Impact On The Market

The Trump administration's tariff policy has significantly affected the global cut flower market, particularly affecting major exporters like Colombia and Ecuador. Under the new policy, a current 10% tariff is applied across all flower-producing countries. However, Ecuador faces a compounded effective rate of 16.8%, due to an existing 6.8% tariff, making it less competitive compared to countries like Colombia, which enjoys a duty-free relationship with the U.S. This tariff hike has raised concerns among Ecuador's flower producers, but Eduardo Letort, president of Expoflores, remains optimistic, noting that talks with the U.S. administration are ongoing to address these challenges.

Colombia supplies 65-70% of the flowers in the U.S. and 80% of supermarket bouquets, so the tariff could disrupt the floral sector. Augusto Solano of Asocolflores has highlighted the potential for increased retail prices or reduced revenue for the industry. The seasonal nature of the flower business, particularly around high-demand periods like Mother's Day, could exacerbate cash flow difficulties, as companies may need to pay millions in tariffs upfront while waiting for customer payments.

Globally, the imposition of these tariffs could lead to higher flower prices, potentially reducing consumer demand in the U.S. Additionally, the disruption in the supply chain could cause delays and complications in fulfilling floral orders during peak seasons. Colombia and Ecuador's flower industries face considerable hurdles in maintaining market stability under the new tariff structure, with financial pressures growing as businesses navigate these tariffs.

Product Insights

Based on product, the Rose segment led the market with the largest revenue share of 32.3% in. Roses maintain a dominant position within the cut flower market due to their universal appeal, year-round demand, and extensive use across multiple end-use occasions, including weddings, Valentine's Day, anniversaries, corporate gifting, hospitality décor, and religious ceremonies. The segment benefits from well-established global cultivation and distribution networks, enabling consistent supply and quality across major markets. Furthermore, the availability of roses in a wide variety of colors, stem lengths, and premium grades allows growers and retailers to target both mass-market and premium consumer segments. Growing demand for luxury floral arrangements, rising gifting culture, and increasing online flower delivery services continue to strengthen the market position of roses, supporting both their leading revenue share and superior growth outlook.

Application Insights

Based on application, the commercial segment led the market with the largest revenue share of 69.39% in 2025, primarily attributed to the extensive use of cut flowers across florists, event management companies, hotels, restaurants, corporate offices, wedding venues, retail flower shops, supermarkets, and institutional establishments. Commercial buyers typically purchase flowers in bulk and require a continuous supply for decorative, gifting, branding, and event-related purposes, generating significantly higher consumption volumes than individual consumers. The growing global events industry, expansion of the hospitality sector, increasing corporate spending on workplace aesthetics, and rising demand for professional floral arrangements have further strengthened commercial demand. Additionally, the rapid growth of e-commerce flower retailers and subscription-based floral services has increased procurement volumes from commercial channels, reinforcing the segment's leadership within the global cut flower market.

Cut Flowers Market Share

Distribution Channel Insights

Based on distribution channel, Supermarkets and hyper market driven sales accounted for around 43.2% in 2025. According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) report of 2022, Americans collectively purchase approximately 10 million cut flowers daily, contributing to a robust floriculture market valued at USD 6.43 billion across all retail channels, including supermarkets & hypermarkets, where it is convenient to purchase all types of flowers under one roof.

Online sales are projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.9% over the forecast period. The rise of online flower shopping reflects shifting consumer preferences towards convenient digital transactions. The primary advantage of purchasing flowers online is its convenience, enabling customers to browse a diverse selection of floral offerings from the comfort of their homes. This eliminates the need for physical store visits and facilitates easy comparing prices and styles across multiple vendors.

Regional Insights

The cut flowers market in North America held a share of 29.73% of the global revenue in 2024. The growing appreciation for floral arrangements and cut flowers as decorative elements in homes, events, and workplaces. As consumers seek to enhance their surroundings and express emotions through floral displays, the demand for cut flowers increases.

U.S. Cut Flowers Market Trends

The Cut Flowers market in the U.S. held the largest share in the North American region in 2025.  According to a consumer study conducted by researchers from the University of Georgia in February 2022, which surveyed over 8,000 consumers across the U.S., boomers have identified the rose as their flower of choice, particularly for occasions like Valentine's Day.

Europe Cut Flowers Market Trends

Europe dominated the Cut Flowers market with the largest revenue share of 34.8% in 2025. According to the Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries, the European Union is the largest consumer of cut flowers globally, accounting for more than half of the world's consumption. This market comprises nations with notably high per capita utilization of cut flowers. Leading the export market is the Netherlands, boasting a well-established industry and robust infrastructure for flower cultivation, distribution, and sales.

Cut Flowers Market Trends, by Region, 2026 - 2033

Asia Pacific Cut Flowers Market Trends

The Asia Pacific cut flowers market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2025 to 2030. The significant scale and success of China's cut flower industry play a pivotal role in driving market growth. This highlights the market’s substantial contribution to the country's economy, with over 1.8 million hectares of land dedicated to flower production, resulting in an impressive revenue of USD 8.48 billion. These statistics depict the critical importance of the cut flower industry in China and its considerable potential for further expansion and development across Asia Pacific.

Key Cut Flowers Company Insights

The market features both established global firms and emerging players. Key industry leaders prioritize product innovation, differentiation, and distinctive designs in line with evolving consumer preferences. These major players leverage extensive global distribution networks to reach diverse customer bases and tap into emerging markets.

Key Cut Flowers Companies:

The following are the leading companies in the cut flowers market. These companies collectively hold the largest market share and dictate industry trends.

  • The Queen’s Flowers Corp
  • Selecta Cut Flowers SAU
  • Sher Holland BV
  • Multiflora Corp
  • Rosebud Ltd
  • Karen Roses Ltd
  • Washington Bulb Co Inc
  • Dummen Orange Holding BV
  • Esmeralda Farms LLC
  • Marginpar BV

Competitive Benchmarking

Category

Operating Strategies

Competitive Edge

Weakness

Established Players (Dümmen Orange Holding BV; Selecta Cut Flowers SAU; Esmeralda Farms LLC; Sher Holland BV; Marginpar BV)

Expand global cultivation, breeding, and distribution networks through investments in greenhouse technologies, logistics infrastructure, and international wholesale partnerships.

Focus on developing premium flower varieties, year-round production capabilities, sustainability certifications, and direct relationships with retailers, supermarkets, florists, and event management companies.

Strong global supply chains, extensive breeding expertise, and diversified product portfolios across multiple flower species and geographic markets.

Established relationships with large-scale buyers, advanced cultivation technologies, and the ability to maintain consistent product quality and supply throughout the year.

High exposure to fluctuations in transportation costs, labor expenses, and climate-related production risks.

Significant capital requirements for greenhouse operations, cold-chain logistics, and compliance with international phytosanitary and sustainability standards.

Emerging & Regional Players (The Queen’s Flowers Corp; Multiflora Corp; Rosebud Ltd; Karen Roses Ltd; Washington Bulb Co Inc)

Focus on specialty flowers, premium roses, seasonal offerings, and customized floral solutions targeting regional wholesalers, florists, and event organizers.

Leverage sustainable farming practices, niche product positioning, and flexible production strategies to address changing consumer preferences and local market demand.

Greater agility in responding to floral design trends, seasonal demand patterns, and customer-specific requirements.

Strong regional expertise, specialized flower varieties, and the ability to provide differentiated products for weddings, celebrations, and premium gifting applications.

Limited geographic reach, smaller production capacities, and lower bargaining power within global distribution networks.

Greater vulnerability to weather conditions, supply chain disruptions, and pricing pressures from large multinational flower producers and exporters.

Recent Developments

  • In October 2024, Chrysal a Netherland based flower care company has developed the Chrysal Transport Stickers designed to preserve the quality of cut flowers during transit.

  • In February 2023, Floriday introduced 'trade settings,' a feature designed to streamline the trading process between growers and buyers. This innovation simplifies trading operations for both parties, enhancing efficiency and convenience.

Cut Flowers Market Report Scope

Report Attribute

Details

Market size in 2025

USD 40.8 billion

Estimated market size in 2026

USD 42.7 billion

Projected market size by 2033

USD 60.9 billion

Growth rate

CAGR of 5.2% from 2026 to 2033

Base year for estimation

2025

Historical data

2021 - 2024

Forecast period

2026 - 2033

Quantitative units

Revenue in USD million/billion and CAGR from 2026 to 2033

Report coverage

Revenue forecast, company ranking, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends

Segments covered

Product, application, distribution channel, region

Regional scope

North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Central & South America; MEA

Country scope

U.S.; Canada; Mexico; Germany; Netherlands, UK; France; Italy; Spain; Rest of Europe; China; Japan; India; South Korea; Australia & New Zealand; Rest of APAC; Brazil; Rest of CSA; Saudi Arabia; South Africa; Rest of MEA

Key companies profiled

The Queen’s Flowers Corp; Selecta Cut Flowers SAU; Sher Holland BV; Multiflora Corp; Rosebud Ltd; Karen Roses Ltd; Washington Bulb Co Inc; Dummen Orange Holding BV; Esmeralda Farms LLC; Marginpar BV

Customization scope

Free report customization (equivalent up to 8 analysts' working days) with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope.

Pricing and purchase options

Avail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Explore purchase options

Global Cut Flowers Market Report Segmentation

This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional & country levels and provides an analysis on the latest trends and opportunities in each of the sub-segments from 2021 to 2033. For the purpose of this study, Grand View Research has segmented the cut flowers market on the basis of product, application, distribution channel, and region.

Global Cut Flowers Market Report Segmentation

  • Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2021 - 2033)

    • Rose

    • Chrysanthemum

    • Carnation

    • Gerbera

    • Lilium

    • Others

  • Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2021 - 2033)

    • Commercial

    • Home

  • Distribution Channel Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2021 - 2033)

    • Supermarkets & Hypermarkets

    • Specialty Stores

    • Online

    • Others

  • Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million; 2021 - 2033)

    • North America

      • U.S.

      • Canada

      • Mexico

    • Europe

      • UK

      • Germany

      • France

      • Italy

      • Spain

      • Netherlands

      • Rest of Europe

    • Asia Pacific

      • China

      • India

      • Japan

      • Australia & New Zealand

      • South Korea

      • Rest of APAC
    • Central & South America

      • Brazil

      • Rest of CSA

    • Middle East & Africa (MEA)

      • South Africa

      • Saudi Arabia

      • Rest of MEA

Research Methodology

Segment Definition 

Segment - Product

Revenue capture definition

Rose

The scope covers cut rose flowers traded through domestic and international markets, including standard, spray, and premium rose varieties. It includes flowers supplied for bouquets, floral arrangements, gifting, events, retail sales, and decorative applications. Revenue generated from fresh-cut roses across commercial and household consumption channels is considered within this segment.

Chrysanthemum

This segment covers fresh-cut chrysanthemum flowers marketed in various colors, shapes, and stem lengths. The study includes their use in floral decorations, bouquets, ceremonies, retail floristry, and event arrangements. Commercial cultivation, distribution, and sales of cut chrysanthemums through organized and unorganized channels are included in the market scope.

Carnation

The carnation segment encompasses fresh-cut standard and spray carnations supplied for floral design, gifting, celebrations, and decorative purposes. The scope includes cultivation output entering commercial supply chains, wholesale flower markets, florists, supermarkets, and online platforms. Revenue from both domestic consumption and export-oriented carnation sales is covered.

Gerbera

This segment includes fresh-cut gerbera flowers used in bouquets, floral arrangements, event decorations, and retail flower sales. The scope covers different gerbera varieties, stem grades, and color categories distributed through commercial channels. Market estimates account for revenues generated from professional florists, retailers, and direct consumer purchases.

Lilium

The lilium segment covers fresh-cut lily flowers sold for ornamental and decorative applications across residential and commercial settings. The study includes Asiatic, Oriental, and hybrid lily varieties supplied through wholesale, retail, and online distribution networks. Revenue associated with fresh-cut lilium sales for events, gifting, and floral design is included.

Others

This category includes all other cut flower varieties such as orchids, tulips, hydrangeas, sunflowers, alstroemeria, and mixed specialty flowers. The scope covers commercial production, distribution, and retail sales of these flowers across various end-use applications. Revenue generated from fresh-cut flowers not classified under the major product categories is considered.

Segment - Application

Revenue capture definition

Commercial

The commercial segment covers cut flowers purchased for business and institutional applications, including hotels, restaurants, event organizers, corporate offices, florists, and religious establishments. The scope includes flowers used in decorations, ceremonies, exhibitions, hospitality settings, and professional floral arrangements. Revenue from bulk and recurring commercial purchases is included.

Home

This segment includes cut flowers purchased by individual consumers for household decoration, gifting, personal celebrations, and daily ornamental use. The scope covers purchases made through retail stores, supermarkets, florists, and online platforms. Revenue generated from residential consumption of fresh-cut flowers is considered under this application category.

Estimation Model

Framework Level

Core Market Question

Target Population Segments & Logic

Floral Demand Layer

Who has a need for cut flowers?

Begin with the global population participating in gifting, celebrations, weddings, religious ceremonies, corporate events, hospitality decoration, and home décor activities. Apply flower consumption and floral gifting rates to identify the potential customer base requiring cut flowers.

Market Accessibility Layer

Who can be reached through floral distribution channels?

Filter the eligible consumer and commercial buyer base using florist penetration, supermarket availability, e-commerce accessibility, cold-chain infrastructure, urbanization levels, and disposable income. This derives the addressable market with access to fresh cut flowers through organized distribution networks.

Purchase & Usage Layer

Who actively purchases cut flowers?

Apply purchase frequency and adoption rates across individual consumers, event organizers, wedding planners, hotels, restaurants, corporate offices, and religious institutions. Demand is influenced by gifting traditions, seasonal celebrations, cultural festivals, weddings, and growing home decoration trends.

Monetisation Layer

How much revenue is generated?

Multiply active buyers by annual spending on roses, chrysanthemums, carnations, gerberas, lilies, and other cut flowers. Include recurring purchases from commercial establishments and event-based consumption to estimate total market revenue.

Delivered Customizations

This report has been delivered with the following In-depth customizations

CLIENT REQUEST

CUSTOMIZATION DELIVERED

VALUE ADDS

Cross-Segmentation Analysis of Flower Types Across Applications and Distribution Channels

Detailed evaluation of Roses, Chrysanthemums, Carnations, Gerberas, Lilies, and Other Cut Flowers across commercial and home-use applications. Analysis includes demand patterns across supermarkets & hypermarkets, specialty stores, online platforms, and other sales channels. Benchmarking covers flower-type preferences, seasonal demand fluctuations, price realization, and category mix across key countries and regions.

Identifies the fastest-growing flower categories and the most profitable application-channel combinations. Supports product portfolio optimization, inventory planning, and targeted sales strategies by highlighting demand hotspots across flower varieties and retail formats.

Commercial End-Use Demand & Floral Industry Consumption Analysis

Comprehensive assessment of cut flower demand from commercial buyers including florists, event planners, wedding organizers, hospitality establishments, corporate offices, religious institutions, and retail floral chains. Analysis evaluates purchasing volumes, procurement practices, seasonal consumption patterns, and spending trends by flower type and region.

Helps stakeholders identify high-value commercial customer segments and optimize sales strategies. Supports B2B expansion initiatives, contract supply opportunities, and demand forecasting based on key end-use industries and event-driven consumption trends.

Distribution Channel Performance & E-commerce Growth Assessment

In-depth analysis of sales performance across Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Specialty Stores, Online Channels, and Other Distribution Networks. The study evaluates channel-wise revenue contribution, consumer purchasing behavior, fulfillment models, subscription flower services, and the growing role of digital floral platforms. Regional benchmarking of channel penetration and growth trends is also included.

Enables companies to identify the most effective routes to market and allocate resources toward high-growth sales channels. Supports omnichannel strategies, digital transformation initiatives, and investments in direct-to-consumer floral delivery models.

Frequently Asked Questions About This Report

About the Author(s)

Homecare & Decor Research Team

Consumer Goods · Homecare & Decor

This report was authored by the homecare & decor research team at Grand View Research - comprising two research analysts, one senior research analyst, and one industry expert - with specialized expertise in the homecare & decor segment of the consumer goods industry. All findings are based on proprietary consumer goods databases, executive interviews, and regulatory analysis, subject to internal peer review prior to publication.

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